Cocaine

What is cocaine?

Cocaine is a naturally occurring stimulant alkaloid derived from coca plant leaves (Erythroxylum coca). Historically used for its energizing effects, it was isolated in the 19th century and adopted in medicine for its anesthetic and vasoconstrictive properties. Today, it has very limited legitimate medical use and is otherwise classified as a controlled substance worldwide.

Medical use

Although most uses have been replaced by safer alternatives, cocaine hydrochloride is still occasionally used in specialized medical procedures as a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor, particularly in certain ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeries. Its use is strictly controlled and performed only under medical supervision.

Mechanism of action

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, leading to increased stimulation of the central nervous system. This results in heightened alertness, increased energy, and euphoria, but also raises risks for cardiovascular strain and neurological effects.

Health risks

• Cardiovascular effects: Elevated blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
• Neurological effects: Seizures, anxiety, agitation, and potential for dependence.
• Respiratory and nasal damage: Chronic use can damage nasal tissues and airways.
• Addiction: Cocaine has a high potential for misuse and dependence due to its effects on brain reward pathways.

Legal status

Cocaine is classified as a controlled substance in most countries. In the United States, it is a Schedule II drug, meaning it has limited medical use but a high potential for abuse. Non-medical possession, distribution, or use is illegal.

Seeking help & resources

Individuals struggling with cocaine use are encouraged to seek professional support. Treatment options may include behavioral therapy, counseling, and support groups. Resources are available through national health agencies and local providers.